Since the stage was created, the stage lighting has become an integral part of the stage. Stage lighting highlights the four elements of vision, realism, aesthetics and performance. It has evolved over the years. It has gradually developed into today's more complete and advanced lighting system. The first boom of drama appeared in ancient Greece more than 2,000 years ago. The theaters of the time were either open-air or semi-open-air. The stage is lit by the sun, which is a huge "lamp" in the sky, so it can only be performed during the day. However, the need for night rest and entertainment, the susceptibility of open-air performances to the weather, and the development of drama have made stage lighting a problem that people must solve.
The success of the lighting design of the performance is marked by the proper handling of the stage lighting. Stage lighting should not only illuminate the actors, so that the audience can see the facial expressions, demeanor and movements, but more importantly, make full use of lighting technology, mobilize lighting operations and other means to strengthen the artistic effect, so that the audience has a sense of immersion.
Stage lighting is mainly produced by the combination of computer lights and other lamps, which is a comprehensive performance through different modeling scenes, different color changes, different viewing angles, horizontal and vertical light angles, speed and speed, strobe speed, strobe size change, focal length change, etc. Then, before you can understand stage lighting technology, you must master these basics:
1. Visible light
Light is radiant energy that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves with electricity. The wavelength range of electromagnetic wave radiation is very wide, and only this part of the radiation with a wavelength of 380~760nm can cause light vision, which is called visible light. Light with a wavelength shorter than 380nm is ultraviolet, X-ray, γ-ray; Light longer than 760nm is infrared, radio waves, etc., which cannot produce light vision to the human eye, that is, cannot be seen. Therefore, light is an energy that exists objectively and is closely related to the subjective feelings of the person.
Second, the classification of colors
Colors can be divided into two categories: non-colored and colorful. Non-color refers to white, light gray, gray to dark gray, and until black, which is called the white-black series. Pure white is ideal for objects that reflect completely light, with a reflectivity of 1; Pure black is an ideal non-reflective object with a reflectivity of 0. Therefore, the non-colored white-black series represents the change in the light reflectance of the object. We know that light reflectivity is directly proportional to brightness, and indoor white walls and ceilings can get higher brightness. Color refers to a variety of colors other than the white and black series. Color has three properties: hue, lightness, and saturation, known as the color triad.
Hue is the color that denotes the presentation. That is, the names of various different colors, such as red, green, blue, etc. It is related to the wavelength of light. Luminosity (brightness) is an indication of how bright a color is. The brightness of different shades is different, even if the same shade is different due to the nature of the surface of the object and the intensity of the light, there will be differences in light and shade. If it is also yellow, it can be light yellow, medium yellow, dark yellow, etc.
Saturation (saturation) indicates the depth (shade) of a color, which can also be said to be the purity and vividness of the color. The higher the saturation, the darker (dense) the color appears, and the various monochromatic lights in visible light are the most saturated colors. When the more white light is incorporated into the spectral color, the less saturated it becomes. For example, red light is more saturated than pink light because pink light is mixed with white light. Generally speaking, in the same hue, when the lightness changes, the saturation also changes, but the saturation decreases when the lightness increases or decreases, and the saturation (purity) is the largest only when the lightness is moderate. However, it always feels like the brightness of the color looks brighter.
3. Three primary colors and color matching methods
Red, green, and blue are known as the three primary colors. These three colors are mixed in different proportions to produce a variety of colors. There are two basic methods of color mixing: additive color mixing and subtractive color mixing.
The so-called additive color mixing is when the light of different colors is mixed, and they add together the part of the spectrum that they occupy, thus producing a new method of mixing colors. Indicates the color relationship of the photo-additive color mixture. When red, green, and blue primary colors are mixed in equal amounts, it can be obtained:
Red + Green = Yellow Green + Blue = Cyan
Green + Red = Magenta Red + Green + Blue = White
If the three primary colors are not mixed with the same amount of light, various intermediate colors can be obtained, such as:
More red light + less green light = orange light
More red light + less blue light = pink light
Subtractive color mixing is a method in which different colors are mixed, and each of them selectively absorbs the corresponding part of the spectrum from the incident light, resulting in a synthetic color effect. If any two colors of light can be added to produce white light, the two colors are called complementary colors (complementary colors). For example, yellow and blue are complementary colors, blue and red are complementary colors, and magenta and green are complementary colors. Therefore, yellow, cyan, and magenta are called minus blue, minus red, and minus green, respectively, that is, the three complementary colors are all made by subtracting a corresponding primary color from white light. Therefore, yellow, cyan, and magenta can be called the three primary colors of the subtractive color method.
Black is produced when the three subtractive primary colors of yellow, magenta, and cyan are overlapped. In the process of subtractive color, the density change of the three subtractive primary colors controls the absorption ratio of red, green and blue respectively, so as to obtain a variety of mixed colors, which can achieve the same effect as the additive color mixture.
4. Color and vision
Color will give people a sense of warmth and coldness, distance, size and lightness, and often make people associate with it, thus forming different psychological effects, which are people's long-term visual habits.
Colors can generally be divided into three categories: cool, warm, and neutral (intermediate). The cold and warm colors are divided according to the visual reactions and psychological associations caused by various colors on people. The color red reminds one of the heat of fire, which creates a feeling of warmth, which is called a warm color. Blue reminds people of cold water and gives people a feeling of coldness, so it is called a cold color. Purple and green are neutral colors that are neither warm nor lukewarm. Different colors can affect the size of an object's appearance. If you put some objects of the same size with different colors together, it will produce a light white object size in terms of visual perception. Dark black objects are small. In general, white objects appear to be the largest, black objects appear to be the smallest, and yellow objects are larger, followed by green, red, and blue.
People's visual habits of color also produce a sense of distance and proximity. Objects of different colors give different visual perceptions at the same distance. Warm colors give the impression of moving forward, while cool colors give the impression of moving back. Also, the sense of distance given by color is also affected by the tone of the background. For example, when white is the background, blue appears closer; When black is on the background, red appears to be the closest, followed by orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple. Using this feature can help us create an illusion of color three-dimensionality and distance.
The sense of light and heavy color is also a long-term visual habit formed by people. It is generally believed that white is the lightest and black is the heaviest. Of the three primary colors, green is the lightest, blue is the heaviest, and red is in the center. There are two primary colors that are mixed in equal amounts to form a color, the one with light colors appears light, and the one with heavy colors appears heavy. The weight of color is expressed not only by brightness and purity, but also by the size of the area that color occupies in the picture. Larger areas are heavier and attract more attention than smaller colors.
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